The Prindle Institute for Ethics has published a book module to enable you to teach children philosophy using the picture book "Am I Small?" (Spanish and German translations of the English book module are also available). The book module is freely available and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License:
Am I Small?
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Summary
Am I Small? considers questions about disagreement and can also be used to discuss relativism – moral and otherwise.
Tamia is puzzled by the question, “Am I small?” In her search for the answer to this question, she talks to people, animals, and even the moon. As Tamia observes, everyone gives completely different answers to her question: while the turtle thinks she is big, the moon considers her to be microscopic! After a long and interesting inquiry, Tamia realizes that she is different from all these creatures and concludes that if she is everything, then she is “exactly right.”
Guidelines for Philosophical Discussion
Relativism
Using the conflict that Tamia encounters about her size, it is easy to bring up the concept of relativism, or, as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy puts it, “the view that truth and falsity, right and wrong, standards of reasoning, and procedures of justification are products of differing conventions and frameworks of assessment and that their authority is confined to the context giving rise to them.” You can use this definition to transition into a discussion about objectivity and the concept of “capital-T truth.” Asking the kids to simply list the adjectives used to describe Tamia throughout the book is a good way to get the conversation going. Once those words are listed (consider writing them on the chalk/whiteboard if available), you can have the students make judgments about them, i.e. which of these words are correct in describing Tamia? Are any of them incorrect? Why or why not? This should lead to perhaps some disagreement at first, but generally, the topic of relativism should come up: it depends on who Tamia is asking and how they interpreted her question. Relativism is the concept that people can hold different ideas about subjects based on differences in context, whether that be social, cultural, or even based on physical size. In this book, relativism is addressed through the different answers that various creatures give to Tamia about her size.
The Nature of Disagreement
To get into the topic of disagreement and its nature, you can ask the students if, for example, the moon and the turtle are disagreeing in the book. Obviously, they give different answers to the question Tamia asks, though it might be less clear to what extent this puts them in disagreement with each other. At this point, you can ask questions such as: Can two people disagree about something and both be right? Give kids easy-to-understand examples, like simple arithmetic questions, or scientific claims. They likely won’t come to a disagreement about these kinds of questions, so to further the discussion of the nature of the disagreement. You can introduce more ambiguous examples such as the following: What is their opinion on the taste of a cookie? What is their classmate’s opinion on the same cookie? The answers might be different, but does this mean one of them is wrong? Why or why not? There are also intermediate cases, where people definitely will disagree, but where we don’t think both people can be correct. E.g, Are humans causing climate change? (or maybe something simpler depending on the age/knowledge of the students). It’s integral to ask students to elaborate on their opinions because we want to get at the nature of the disagreement, and we want to understand the reasons that others have for their arguments.
Moral Relativism/Truth
To take the discussion further into the philosophical realm, you can use the answers (and disagreement) brought up from the previous question to get at the concept of “Truth.” Is there a right answer to the question about the cookie? If not, why? Ask the students to come up with other questions that might not have only one correct answer. What about questions that do seem to have a single correct answer? What are the differences they can name between these kinds of questions? This could be a good transition into the conversation about moral relativism – how different people may have different morals/moral priorities. If they don’t bring up moral/ethical questions on their own, you can introduce some of these kinds to keep the discussion going in that direction. Using examples that they can easily understand (is it ever okay to lie?), you can direct the conversation towards whether there is objective moral truth or whether moral truth is relative.
Questions for Philosophical Discussion
Relativism
- List the adjectives creatures in the book use to describe Tamia.
- Why do they use different terms? Are any of the words used to describe her wrong? Which ones are right?
- How would you describe yourself? Are you small? Are you tall? Are you short?
- Are you short compared to your friend? Are you still short compared to a bunny?
- How would an elephant think about you? How would a cat think about you?
- In the book, the turtle thinks Tamia is big, and Moon thinks Tamia is microscopic. Are they disagreeing with each other? Why or why not?
Possible Response: They are disagreeing because “big” and “microscopic” are two completely different terms. Possible Response: They are not disagreeing because each thinks of Tamia in relation to oneself. You can take this response further in the direction of relativism and disagreement by asking the questions in the next section.
Nature of Disagreement
- Can two people disagree about something but both be right? Can you think of an example of this? What about an example where that’s not the case?
- I think that brownies are the best dessert. My friend thinks that lemon cake is the best dessert. Are we disagreeing with each other? Is there a right or wrong answer to the question? Why or why not?
Issue of Truth
- Could you say something you think no one would disagree with? ( 2+2=4; Sun rises from the east, … )
- Do you all agree that 2+2=4? Does this question have a right answer?
- Does everyone all accept this answer as the truth?
- Is truth something that no one will dispute?
- Could something be true if people are disputing over it? For instance, is global warming a real issue we are all facing?
- There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Now scientists say that there are only eight planets in the solar system. Is either statement true? Are they both true, but at different times?
- If a statement’s truth value can change, does this mean it’s not really true? Do true statements always have to be true (in the future and in the past)?
Moral Relativism
- Moral claims to have the class challenge/discuss:
- Do you think lying is always wrong? A white lie?
- Do you think stealing is always wrong? What if you steal food because you’re hungry and can’t afford to buy it?
- Under what circumstances do you think lying/stealing is okay? In what situations do you think that they are not okay?
- Why do you think you all have different opinions on these questions (moral claims)?
- Do you think there is one right answer to each of these questions? Why or why not?
- Let’s compare the claim that lying is always wrong with the math equation “2+2=4.” Why do you think everyone agrees with the math equation, but people disagree over the moral claim?
- Is the statement that “lying is always wrong” a truth? Why or why not?
- Should something be considered true only if it is the same under all circumstances?
Original questions and guidelines for philosophical discussion by Sarah Kochanek and Anna Shao. Edited June 2020 by The Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics.
